What Is the Foundation of the Art of War

Ancient Chinese military treatise by Dominicus Tzu

The Art of War

Writer	(trad.) Sun Tzu
State	China
Linguistic communication	Classical Chinese
Subject	Military fine art
Publication appointment	fifth century BC
Text	The Art of War at Wikisource

The Fine art of State of war
Traditional Chinese	孫子兵法
Simplified Chinese	孙子兵法
Literal meaning	"Master Sun's Military Methods"
Transcriptions Standard Standard mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūnzǐ bīngfǎ Wade–Giles Sun1-tzŭ3 pingi-faiii IPA [swə́ntsɹ̩̀ píŋfà] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Syūnjí bīngfaat Jyutping Syuni-zi2 bing1-faatthree IPA [sýːntsǐː péŋfāːt̚] Southern Min Tâi-lô Sun-tzú ping-huat Onetime Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *sˤun tsəʔ praŋ p.kap

The Art of State of war (Chinese: 孫子兵法) is an aboriginal Chinese military treatise dating from the Belatedly Spring and Autumn Period (roughly 5th century BC). The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu ("Primary Sun"), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a different set of skills (or "art") related to warfare and how it applies to military strategy and tactics. For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that was formalized as the Vii Military Classics past Emperor Shenzong of Vocal in 1080. The Art of War remains the near influential strategy text in E Asian warfare^[1] and has influenced both Far Eastern and Western military thinking, business organization tactics, legal strategy, lifestyles and beyond.

The book contains a detailed explanation and analysis of the 5th-century BC Chinese armed forces, from weapons and strategy to rank and discipline. Sun also stressed the importance of intelligence operatives and espionage to the state of war effort. Considered one of history'south finest military tacticians and analysts, his teachings and strategies formed the basis of advanced war machine training for millennia to come.

The book was translated into French and published in 1772 (re-published in 1782) by the French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot. A partial translation into English was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the championship The Book of War. The beginning annotated English translation was completed and published past Lionel Giles in 1910.^[2] Military and political leaders such as the Chinese communist revolutionary Mao Zedong, Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen, Vietnamese full general Võ Nguyên Giáp, and American military general Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. are all cited every bit having fatigued inspiration from the volume.^[iii]

History [edit]

Text and commentaries [edit]

The Art of War is traditionally attributed to an ancient Chinese military general known equally Sunday Tzu (now Romanized "Sunzi") meaning "Master Lord's day". Lord's day Tzu was traditionally said to have lived in the 6th century BC, but The Art of War 's primeval parts probably date to at least 100 years subsequently.^[four]

Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, the offset of China's 24 dynastic histories, records an early Chinese tradition that a text on armed forces matters was written by one "Sunday Wu" ( 孫武 ) from the Country of Qi, and that this text had been read and studied by Male monarch Helü of Wu ( r. 514 BC – 495 BC).^[5] This text was traditionally identified with the received Master Sun'south Fine art of War. The conventional view was that Sun Wu was a war machine theorist from the end of the Leap and Autumn menses (776–471 BC) who fled his home country of Qi to the southeastern kingdom of Wu, where he is said to take impressed the king with his ability to railroad train even "overnice palace ladies" in warfare and to have made Wu's armies powerful enough to challenge their western rivals in the state of Chu. This view is all the same widely held in Red china.^[6]

The strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early 3rd century Advertising authored the primeval known commentary to the Art of State of war.^[v] Cao's preface makes articulate that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically.^[5] The Art of War appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, but listings of its divisions and size varied widely.^[v]

[edit]

Beginning effectually the 12th century, some Chinese scholars began to doubt the historical being of Lord's day Tzu, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic The Commentary of Zuo (Zuo Zhuan), which mentions well-nigh of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period.^[5] The name "Sun Wu" ( 孫武 ) does non appear in any text prior to the Records of the One thousand Historian,^[seven] and has been suspected to be a fabricated-up descriptive cognomen pregnant "the fugitive warrior": the surname "Lord's day" is glossed equally the related term "fugitive" ( xùn , 遜 ), while "Wu" is the aboriginal Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" ( wǔ , 武 ), which corresponds to Sunzi'due south function as the hero's doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.^[eight] In the early on 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC by Dominicus Tzu's purported descendant Dominicus Bin, as a number of historical sources mention a military machine treatise he wrote.^[v] Unlike Dominicus Wu, Sun Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authorization on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure "Dominicus Tzu" through a course of euhemerism.^[8]

In 1972, the Yinqueshan Han slips were discovered in 2 Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) tombs near the city of Linyi in Shandong Province.^[9] Among the many bamboo slip writings contained in the tombs, which had been sealed betwixt 134 and 118  BC, respectively were ii split texts, one attributed to "Lord's day Tzu", corresponding to the received text, and some other attributed to Sunday Bin, which explains and expands upon the earlier The Art of War past Sunzi.^[ten] The Sunday Bin text's material overlaps with much of the "Dominicus Tzu" text, and the two may be "a single, continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Sun proper noun".^[11] This discovery showed that much of the historical confusion was due to the fact that in that location were 2 texts that could take been referred to as "Master Sunday's Art of War", not one.^[10] The content of the earlier text is almost one-third of the chapters of the modernistic The Art of State of war, and their text matches very closely.^[nine] It is now mostly accepted that the earlier The Art of State of war was completed erstwhile between 500 and 430 BC.^[10]

The xiii chapters [edit]

The Art of War is divided into 13 capacity (or piān ); the drove is referred to as being i zhuàn ("whole" or alternatively "chronicle").

The Fine art of War chapter names and contents

Chapter	Lionel Giles (1910)[12]	R. L. Wing (1988)	Ralph D. Sawyer (1996)	Chow-Hou Wee (2003)	Michael Nylan (2020)	Contents
I	Laying Plans	The Calculations	Initial Estimations	Item Cess and Planning (Chinese: 始計)	First Calculations	Explores the 5 fundamental factors (the Way, seasons, terrain, leadership, and direction) and vii elements that make up one's mind the outcomes of military engagements. By thinking, assessing and comparing these points, a commander can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual deviation from these calculations will ensure failure via improper activeness. The text stresses that war is a very grave affair for the state and must not be commenced without due consideration.
2	Waging War	The Claiming	Waging State of war	Waging War (Chinese: 作戰)	Initiating Battle	Explains how to understand the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements quickly. This section advises that successful military machine campaigns crave limiting the price of competition and conflict.
3	Attack by Stratagem	The Program of Attack	Planning Offensives	Strategic Assault (Chinese: 謀攻)	Planning an Attack	Defines the source of strength equally unity, not size, and discusses the five factors that are needed to succeed in whatsoever war. In club of importance, these critical factors are: Attack, Strategy, Alliances, Regular army and Cities.
4	Tactical Dispositions	Positioning	Armed services Disposition	Disposition of the Army (Chinese: 軍形)	Forms to Perceive	Explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in safety. It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy.
V	Utilise of Free energy	Directing	Strategic Military Ability	Forces (Chinese: 兵勢)	The Disposition of Power	Explains the use of creativity and timing in building an army's momentum.
6	Weak Points and Potent	Illusion and Reality	Vacuity and Substance	Weaknesses and Strengths (Chinese: 虛實)	Weak and Stiff	Explains how an army's opportunities come up from the openings in the environment caused past the relative weakness of the enemy and how to respond to changes in the fluid battlefield over a given area.
VII	Maneuvering an Army	Engaging The Force	Military Combat	Military Maneuvers (Chinese: 軍爭)	Contending Armies	Explains the dangers of direct disharmonize and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
Eight	Variation of Tactics	The Nine Variations	Nine Changes	Variations and Adjustability (Chinese: 九變)	Nine Contingencies	Focuses on the need for flexibility in an army's responses. It explains how to respond to shifting circumstances successfully.
Nine	The Army on the March	Moving The Force	Maneuvering the Army	Movement and Development of Troops (Chinese: 行軍)	Fielding the Regular army	Describes the unlike situations in which an ground forces finds itself as it moves through new enemy territories, and how to reply to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
X	Nomenclature of Terrain	Situational Positioning	Configurations of Terrain	Terrain (Chinese: 地形)	Conformations of the Lands	Looks at the iii general areas of resistance (distance, dangers and barriers) and the six types of footing positions that arise from them. Each of these half dozen field positions offers certain advantages and disadvantages.
XI	The Nine Situations	The Nine Situations	Nine Terrains	The Ix Battlegrounds (Chinese: 九地)	Nine Kinds of Ground	Describes the nine mutual situations (or stages) in a campaign, from scattering to deadly, and the specific focus that a commander will need in society to successfully navigate them.
XII	Attack by Fire	The Fiery Assault	Incendiary Attacks	Attacking with Fire (Chinese: 火攻)	Attacks with Fire	Explains the general use of weapons and the specific apply of the environment as a weapon. This section examines the five targets for attack, the five types of environmental attack and the appropriate responses to such attacks.
XIII	Utilise of Spies	The Use of Intelligence	Employing Spies	Intelligence and Espionage (Chinese: 用間)	Using Spies	Focuses on the importance of developing skilful information sources, and specifies the 5 types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them.

Cultural influence [edit]

Military and intelligence applications [edit]

Across East Asia, The Fine art of War was office of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations.

During the Sengoku menstruum (c.  1467–1568), the Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) is said to have become almost invincible in all battles without relying on guns, because he studied The Art of War.^[13] The book fifty-fifty gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard "Fūrinkazan" (Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain), meaning fast as the current of air, silent as a forest, ferocious as fire and immovable as a mountain.

The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" where The Art of War is cited equally influencing Mao's On Guerrilla Warfare, On the Protracted War and Strategic Bug of Red china's Revolutionary War, and includes Mao'south quote: "We must non belittle the saying in the volume of Sunday Wu Tzu, the nifty military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you lot tin can fight a m battles without disaster.'"^[thirteen]

During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers extensively studied The Art of State of war and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory. General Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in The Fine art of State of war during the Boxing of Dien Bien Phu catastrophe major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and South. General Võ, after the main PVA armed forces commander in the Vietnam State of war, was an gorging student and practitioner of Sun Tzu'southward ideas.^[14] America's defeat there, more than any other event, brought Sun Tzu to the attention of leaders of U.S. armed services theory.^{[14] [15] [16]}

The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General Staff College, lists The Fine art of War as one example of a book that may be kept at a armed forces unit of measurement's library.^[17]

The Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's Reading List). Information technology is recommended reading for all U.s.a. Armed forces Intelligence personnel.^[eighteen]

The Art of State of war is used every bit instructional material at the US War machine Academy at Westward Indicate, in the course Armed services Strategy (470),^[xix] and it is too recommended reading for Officer cadets at the Purple Military machine Academy, Sandhurst. Some notable military leaders accept stated the following about Sun Tzu and The Art of War:

"I ever kept a re-create of The Fine art of War on my desk."^[20] – General Douglas MacArthur, 5 Star General & Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.

"I have read The Art of War by Sun Tzu. He continues to influence both soldiers & politicians."^[21] – General Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Advisor, and Secretary of State.

According to some authors, the strategy of deception from The Fine art of War was studied and widely used past the KGB: "I will forcefulness the enemy to take our force for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will plow his forcefulness into weakness".^[22] The book is widely cited by KGB officers in charge of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff's novel Le Montage.

Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were gorging readers of Art of State of war; Airo kept the book on his bedside tabular array in his quarters.^{[ citation needed ]}

Application outside the military [edit]

The Art of State of war has been applied to many fields outside of the military machine. Much of the text is well-nigh how to outsmart one'due south opponent without actually having to engage in physical battle. Every bit such, it has constitute application every bit a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat.

The Art of War is mentioned as an influence in the earliest known Chinese collection of stories well-nigh fraud (mostly in the realm of commerce), Zhang Yingyu's The Volume of Swindles ( Du pian xin shu , 杜騙新書 , c.  1617), which dates to the tardily Ming dynasty.^[23]

Many business organization books have applied the lessons taken from the book to office politics and corporate business concern strategy.^{[24] [25] [26]} Many Japanese companies make the book required reading for their cardinal executives.^[27] The book is too popular amid Western business concern circles citing its utilitarian values regarding management practices. Many entrepreneurs and corporate executives have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business organization situations. The book has also been practical to the field of education.^[28]

The Art of War has been the subject of legal books^[29] and legal manufactures on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy.^{[xxx] [31] [32] [33]}

The book The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene employs philosophies covered in The Art of War.^[34]

The Art of State of war has also been applied in sports. National Football game League motorcoach Bill Belichick, tape holder of the nigh Super Bowl wins in history, has stated on multiple occasions his admiration for The Fine art of War.^{[35] [36]} Brazilian association football game coach Luiz Felipe Scolari actively used The Art of War for Brazil'due south successful 2002 World Cup campaign. During the tournament Scolari put passages of The Art of War underneath his players' doors in the nighttime.^{[37] [38]}

The Fine art of War is often quoted while developing tactics and/or strategy in esports. "Play To Win" by David Sirlin analyses applications of the ideas from The Art of War in modernistic esports. The Art of State of war was released in 2014 equally an e-book companion alongside the Art of War DLC for Europa Universalis Iv, a PC strategy game by Paradox Development Studios, with a foreword past Thomas Johansson.

Film and television [edit]

The Fine art of War and Sun Tzu have been referenced and quoted in many movies and television shows, including In the 1987 movie Wall Street, Gordon Gekko (Michael Douglas) oftentimes references it ^[39] The 20th James Bail flick, Die Some other Day (2002) also references The Art of War every bit the spiritual guide shared by Colonel Moon and his father.^[40] and in The Sopranos. In flavor 3, episode 8 ("He Is Risen"), Dr. Melfi suggests to Tony Soprano that he read the book.^[41] and the Star Trek: The Next Generation beginning-season episode "The Last Outpost", William Riker quotes The Fine art of War to Captain Picard, who expressed pleasance that Sun Tzu was still taught at Starfleet University. Later in the episode, a survivor from a long-dead nonhuman empire noted common aspects between his own people's wisdom and The Art of War with regard to knowing when and when not to fight.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Fine art of State of war is a 2000 activity spy film directed by Christian Duguay and starring Wesley Snipes, Michael Biehn, Anne Archer and Donald Sutherland.^[42]

Notable translations [edit]

• Sunday Tzu on the Art of War. Translated by Lionel Giles. London: Luzac and Company. 1910.
• The Art of War. Translated by Samuel B. Griffith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1963. ISBN978-0-19-501476-1. Role of the UNESCO Drove of Representative Works.
• Sun Tzu, The Art of War. Translated by Thomas Cleary. Boston: Shambhala Dragon Editions. 1988. ISBN978-0877734529.
• The Art of Warfare. Translated by Roger Ames. Random Business firm. 1993. ISBN978-0-345-36239-ane. .
• The Fine art of State of war. Translated by John Minford. New York: Viking. 2002. ISBN978-0-670-03156-6.
• The Art of War: Sunzi's Military Methods. Translated by Victor H. Mair. New York: Columbia University Press. 2007. ISBN978-0-231-13382-1.
• The Art of War. Translated by Peter Harris. Everyman's Library. 2018. ISBN978-1101908006.
• The Science of War: Sun Tzu's Fine art of War re-translated and re-considered. Translated past Christopher MacDonald. Hong Kong: Earnshaw Books. 2018. ISBN978-988-8422-69-2.
• The Art of War. Translated by Michael Nylan. W.W. Norton & Visitor, Inc. 2020. ISBN9781324004899.

Come across likewise [edit]

Concepts [edit]

• Military treatise
• Philosophy of war

Books [edit]

• Achtung – Panzer! past Heinz Guderian
• Arthashastra
• Bansenshukai
• Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War) by Julius Caesar
• Dream Pool Essays by Shen Kuo
• Epitoma rei militaris past Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus
• Guerrilla Warfare by Che Guevara
• Hagakure by Yamamoto Tsunetomo
• History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides
• Huolongjing by Liu Bowen
• Infanterie Greift An past Erwin Rommel
• On Protracted War by Mao Zedong
• On War by Carl von Clausewitz
• Records of the M Historian
• 7 Military machine Classics
• Seven Pillars of Wisdom by T. E. Lawrence
• The 33 Strategies of State of war
• The Art of War by Niccolò Machiavelli
• The Volume of Five Rings (Miyamoto Musashi)
• The Influence of Sea Ability upon History by Alfred Thayer Mahan
• The Jewish State of war by Josephus
• The Science of Military machine Strategy
• The Utility of Force by Rupert Smith
• Thirty-6 Stratagems

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Smith (1999), p. 216.
2. ^ Giles, Lionel The Art of State of war by Sun Tzu – Special Edition. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.
3. ^ Hlavatý, Jozef; Ližbetin, Ján (2021-01-01). "The Use of the Art of State of war Ideas in the Strategic Determination-making of the Visitor". Transportation Inquiry Procedia. 14th International scientific conference on sustainable, mod and safe ship. 55: 1273–1280. doi:x.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.110. ISSN 2352-1465.
4. ^ Lewis (1999), p. 604.
5. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 447.
6. ^ Mair (2007), pp. 12–13.
7. ^ Mair (2007), p. 9.
8. ^ ^{a b} Mair (2007), p. 10.
9. ^ ^{a b} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 448.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 449.
11. ^ Mark Edward Lewis (2005), quoted in Mair (2007), p. eighteen.
12. ^ Sunzi (2009). Shawn Conners (ed.). Sun-tzu ping fa [The art of state of war]. Translated by Lionel Giles (Archetype ed.). El Paso, TX: El Paso Norte Press. ISBN978-1-934255-15-v. OCLC 433665014.
13. ^ ^{a b} Griffith, Samuel B. The Illustrated Art of War. 2005. Oxford Academy Press. pp. 17, 141–43.
14. ^ ^{a b} McCready, Douglas. Learning from Sun Tzu, Military Review, May–June 2003."Learning from Sunday Tzu". Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2009-12-xix .
15. ^ Interview with Dr. William Duiker, Conversation with Sonshi
16. ^ Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2012). The Illustrated Fine art of State of war: Sun Tzu. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00B91XX8U
17. ^ Army, U. South. (1985). Armed services History and Professional Evolution. U. S. Ground forces Command and Full general Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Gainsay Studies Found. 85-CSI-21 85.
18. ^ "Messages".
19. ^ "Section of Military Instruction Chore Opportunities | United States Military Academy West Signal". westpoint.edu . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
20. ^ Us Military Posture for FY1989 (Washington, DC: U.Southward. Government Press Office, 1989), 5–half dozen, 93–94.
21. ^ "Chinese Military Strategist Sunday Tzu Reveals Secrets to Success | Leaderonomics".
22. ^ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Inside a Country: The KGB and Its Concur on Russia – Past, Present, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5, chapter Who was backside perestroika?
23. ^ "Search Results | book of swindles | Columbia University Press". Columbia Academy Press.
24. ^ Michaelson, Gerald. "Sunday Tzu: The Art of War for Managers; l Strategic Rules." Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2001
25. ^ McNeilly, Marking. "Lord's day Tzu and the Art of Business : Six Strategic Principles for Managers. New York:Oxford Academy Press, 1996.
26. ^ Krause, Donald M. "The Art of War for Executives: Ancient Noesis for Today's Business concern Professional." New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 1995.
27. ^ Kammerer, Peter. "The Art of Negotiation." South Communist china Morning time Post (April 21, 2006) p. fifteen
28. ^ Jeffrey, D (2010). "A Teacher Diary Study to Apply Ancient Fine art of State of war Strategies to Professional person Development". The International Journal of Learning. seven (3): 21–36.
29. ^ Barnhizer, David. The Warrior Lawyer: Powerful Strategies for Winning Legal Battles Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Bridge Street Books, 1997.
30. ^ Balch, Christopher D., "The Art of War and the Art of Trial Advocacy: Is There Common Footing?" (1991), 42 Mercer L. Rev. 861–73
31. ^ Beirne, Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs, The Art of War and Public Relations: Strategies for Successful Litigation
32. ^ Pribetic, Antonin I., "The Trial Warrior: Applying Dominicus Tzu's The Art of State of war to Trial Advocacy" April 21, 2007
33. ^ Solomon, Samuel H., "The Art of State of war: Pursuing Electronic Evidence equally Your Corporate Opportunity"
34. ^ "The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene". Penguin Random House Canada . Retrieved 2020-10-27 .
35. ^ Lauletta, Tyler. "Bill Belichick explains how communication from Lord's day Tzu's 'The Art of War' helped build the Patriots dynasty". Business organization Insider . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
36. ^ "Put crafty Belichick's patriot games down to the fine fine art of war". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-02-04. Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
37. ^ July 2011, Celso de Campos Jr 01 (July 2011). "Luiz Felipe Scolari: 1-on-I". fourfourtwo.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
38. ^ Wintertime, Henry (June 29, 2006). "Listen games reach new high equally Scolari studies art of war". Irish gaelic Independent.
39. ^ "Bud Fox: Sun-tzu: If your enemy is superior, evade him. If angry, irritate him. If every bit matched, fight, and if non separate and reevaluate". www.quotes.net . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
40. ^ Dice Another Day (2002) - IMDb , retrieved 2020-06-05
41. ^ Globe, Boston. "Hey, if Tony'southward reading information technology, it'southward got to exist good". baltimoresun.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
42. ^ "The Fine art of State of war (2000) - IMDb". IMDb.

Sources [edit]

• Gawlikowski, Krzysztof; Loewe, Michael (1993). "Sun tzu ping fa 孫子兵法". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley, CA: Society for the Study of Early on Red china; Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. pp. 446–55. ISBN978-one-55729-043-iv.
• Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Warfare and History. London: Routledge. ISBN978-0415239554.
• Griffith, Samuel (2005). Lord's day Tzu: The Illustrated Art of War. New York: Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0195189995.
• Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). "Warring States Political History". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing. pp. 587–650. ISBN978-0-521-47030-viii.
• Mair, Victor H. (2007). The Fine art of State of war: Sunday Zi's Military machine Methods. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-13382-ane.
• Smith, Kidder (1999). "The Armed forces Texts: The Sunzi". In de Bary, Wm. Theodore (ed.). Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, Volume 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Printing. pp. 213–24. ISBN978-0-231-10938-3.
• Yuen, Derek M. C. (2014). Deciphering Sun Tzu: How to Read 'The Art of War' . Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0199373512.
• Вєдєнєєв, Д. В.; Гавриленко, О. А.; Кубіцький, С. О. (2017). Остроухова, В. В. (ed.). Еволюція воєнного мистецтва: у 2 ч.

External links [edit]

• The Art of War at Standard Ebooks
• The Art of War Chinese-English bilingual edition, Chinese Text Project
• The Art of War at Project Gutenberg translated by Lionel Giles (1910)
• The Fine art of War at Project Gutenberg translated (with Chinese text) past Lionel Giles (1910)
• The Book of War at Project Gutenberg translated past Eastward.F. Calthrop (1908)
• The Art of War public domain audiobook at LibriVox (English and Chinese original bachelor)
• Sun Tzu's Art of War at Sonshi (archive.today) Alternative link
• Sun Tzu and Information Warfare at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of National Defense University
• 11 The Nine Situations | The Fine art of War by Lord's day Tzu (Animated)
• The Fine art of War illustrated version, on Theoriq.com

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War

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